無政府共産主義のソースを表示

{{翻訳中途|[[:en:Anarchist communism]] (21:32, 5 April 2011 UTC|date=2012年5月}}
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'''無政府共産主義'''（[[英語|英]]:'''anarchist communism'''、'''anarcho-communism'''、'''free communism'''）は、[[アナキズム]]の潮流の一つで、[[国家]]、[[私的所有権|私有財産]]、[[資本主義]]を廃止して、[[生産手段]]を[[社会的所有|社会化]]して<ref name=Mayne>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&pg=PA131&dq=Communist+anarchism+belives+in+collective+ownership |title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms Alan James Mayne Published 1999 Greenwood Publishing Group 316 pages ISBN 0-275-96151-6 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010年9月20日|isbn=9780275961510|date=1999年}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jeiudz5sBV4C&pg=PA14&dq=Communist+anarchism+believes+in+common+ownership#PPA13,M1 |title=Anarchism for Know-It-Alls By Know-It-Alls For Know-It-Alls, For Know-It-Alls Published by Filiquarian Publishing, LLC., 2008 ISBN 1-59986-218-2, 9781599862187 72 pages |publisher=Books.google.com |date= 2008-01|accessdate=2010年09月20日|isbn=9781599862187}}</ref>、[[直接民主制]]をとり、[[ボランティア]][[組合]]と[[労働者評議会]]の水平なネットワークを社会の基礎として、「能力に応じて働き、必要に応じて受け取る」基準を満たすような生産と消費を行う社会を目指す<ref>Fabbri, Luigi. "Anarchism and Communism." Northeastern Anarchist #4. 1922. 13 October 2002. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/fabbrianarandcom.html</ref><ref>Makhno, Mett, Arshinov, Valevski, Linski (Dielo Trouda). "The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists". 1926. Constructive Section: [http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/platform/constructive.htm]を参照</ref>。

無政府共産主義の[[暴動無政府主義]]（[[:en:Insurrectionary anarchism]]）などの潮流は、[[:en:egoist anarchism|エゴイスト無政府主義]]（[[利己主義|エゴイズム]]的な無政府主義）であり、無政府共産主義を[[個人]]の[[自由]]の実現のための最良の社会システムだとする<ref>Christopher Gray, ''Leaving the Twentieth Century'', p. 88.</ref><ref name="creativenothing">[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Renzo_Novatore__Toward_the_Creative_Nothing.html "Towards the creative Nothing" by [[:en:Renzo Novatore]]]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Bob_Black__Nightmares_of_Reason.html#toc22 Bob Black. ''Nightmares of Reason''.]</ref>急進的[[個人主義的無政府主義]]に強い影響を受けている。多くの無政府共産主義者は無政府共産主義によって、個人と社会の相反する両者の溝が埋まると捉えている<ref>"Communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty — provided that the idea that begets the community be Liberty, Anarchy...Communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day's work."　（日本語訳:共産主義は個人の最大の自由を保障する。それは自由でアナーキーな共同体というアイデアがもたらされるからだ。1日中の労働の代わりに数時間の労働で健康や安らぎが保障されるため、共産主義は他のいかなる形態の社会よりも経済的自由を保障する。） [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html "Communism and Anarchy" [[ピョートル・クロポトキン]]]</ref><ref>This other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony.（日本語訳:この新たな社会は、社会の団結と自由な個人が最大限実現し、その両者が完璧に調和する、リバタリアン共産主義である。）[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Dielo_Truda__Workers__Cause___Organisational_Platform_of_the_Libertarian_Communists.html ''Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists'' by Dielo Truda (Workers' Cause)]</ref><ref>"I see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and struggle."（日本語訳:個人主義と共産主義の間に生まれた2つの概念、個人の反乱と階級闘争、搾取に対する抵抗と誤った二分法への自然な抵抗を私は知り、それらを受け入れている者たちが彼らの判断と闘争を悪いものにしてしまっていると気づいた。）[http://www.reocities.com/kk_abacus/vb/wd12persp.html "MY PERSPECTIVES" by Willful Disobedience Vol. 2, No. 12]</ref>。

無政府共産主義は、[[フランス革命]]後の急進的な社会主義者の傾向から生み出された<ref name="Graham-2005" /><ref>[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__The_Great_French_Revolution_1789-1793.html#toc42 "Chapter 41: The “Anarchists”" in ''The Great French Revolution 1789-1793'' by Peter Kropotkin]</ref>が、[[第一インターナショナル]]の[[イタリア]]支部で初めて思想として確立された<ref>Nunzio Pernicone, "Italian Anarchism 1864 - 1892", pp. 111-113, AK Press 2009.</ref>。[[ピョートル・クロポトキン]]の論理的考察は、後に労働組合肯定派と[[暴動無政府主義]]者の分裂時に重要な意味を持った<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/>。

これまでの歴史上、最も知られている「無政府共産主義社会」、現在無政府共産主義と呼ばれる思想に基づいていて、世界中の注目を集め、無政府共産主義の歴史的な解釈をつくった社会の例は、[[スペイン内戦]]勃発で起きたスペイン革命中のアナキストが実権を握った地域と、[[ロシア革命]]中、[[ネストル・マフノ]]が指導した[[マフノ運動]]の[[ウクライナ革命反乱軍]]の影響下にあった[[自由地区]]である。スペイン革命中の[[スペイン]]のアナキストの指導と尽力で[[1936年]]から、[[アラゴン州|アラゴン]]と、[[アンダルシア州|アンダルシア]]と[[レバンテ (スペイン)|レバンテ]]の一部を支配し、[[アナキスト・カタルーニャ]]（[[:en:Anarchist Catalonia]]）を守ってきたが、[[スペイン国 (1939年-1975年)|フランコ政権]]、[[ナチス・ドイツ]]、[[イタリア王国]]、[[ソビエト連邦|ソ連]]から支援された[[スペイン共産党]]による抑圧といった複合的脅威と、[[資本主義]]諸国や[[スペイン第二共和政|スペイン共和国政府]]からの経済・軍事的な制裁措置によって容赦なく滅ぼされた。ロシア革命中には、ネストル・マフノをはじめとするアナキストは、[[1919年]]から[[1921年]]に[[赤軍]]よって滅ぼされるまで、ウクライナ革命反乱軍を使って、フリー・テリトリーをつくり、守ろうとした。

==歴史==
===形成===
[[Image:Sylvain Marechal.jpg|thumb|[[シルヴァン・マレシャル]]]]
無政府共産主義の潮流が現れたのは、[[18世紀]]の[[イングランド内戦]]と[[フランス革命]]の時期である。[[イギリス]]で急進的な土地均分運動を起こした[[ディガーズ]]（[[:en:Diggers]]）を始めた[[ゲラード・ウィンスタンリー]]（[[:en:Gerrard Winstanley]]）は''The New Law of Righteousness''という名の論文において、"一切の売買、市場というものは存在してはいけない。地球全体が何人にも共有された財産でなければならない"と述べ、また"他人を支配する存在はいてはいけない。ただ自分だけが自分自身の支配者でなくてはならない"と述べた<ref name="Graham-2005">Robert Graham, ''Anarchism - A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939)'', Black Rose Books, 2005</ref>。フランス革命では、[[シルヴァン・マレシャル]]（[[:en:Sylvain Maréchal]]）が''Manifesto of the Equals''(1796年)において、"地球からの恵みの共有"を要求し、"豊かな者と貧しい者の、貴族と賤民の、主人と使用人の、統治者と被統治者の反感を催させるような区別"の消滅を望んだ<ref name="Graham-2005" />。

初めて自身を"[[リバタリアニズム|リバタリアン]]"と自称した[[ジョセフ・デジャキュ]]（[[:en:Joseph Déjacque]]）が、初期の無政府共産主義者である<ref name="Dejacque">Joseph Déjacque, [http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm De l'être-humain mâle et femelle - Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque] ([[フランス語]])</ref>。[[ピエール・ジョゼフ・プルードン|プルードン]]の[[性差別]]などを批判し<ref>Déjacque, Joseph, Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939)], ed. Robert Graham; includes English translations from The Revolutionary Question and his 1857 letter to Proudhon.</ref>、さらにプルードンの理論に反対して"彼らの労働の成果は、それがいくら彼らにとって当然であったとしても、彼らの権利なのではなく、彼らの欲求を満たすことである。"と主張した<ref name="Graham-2005" /><ref>"l'Echange", article in ''Le Libertaire'' no 6, September 21, 1858, New York. [http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/n06/lib01.htm]</ref>。アナキストで[[歴史家]]の[[マックス・ネットラウ]]（[[:en:Max Nettlau]]）によると、「リバタリアン共産主義」という語は、[[1880年]]11月、フランスのアナキストの大会が、思想をより明確に定義したときに初めて使用された<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Short History of Anarchism |last=Nettlau |first=Max |authorlink=Max Nettlau |year=1996 |publisher=Freedom Press |isbn=0900384891 |page=145}}</ref>。後に4巻からなる''Anarchist Encyclopedia''を立ち上げ編集した、フランス人アナキストであり[[ジャーナリスト]]の[[セバスティアン・フォーレ]]（[[:en:Sébastien Faure]]）は[[ルイーズ・ミシェル]]とともに[[1895年]]にデジャキュの思想を受け継ぐ週刊誌''Le Libertaire''（英訳:''The Libertarian''）を始めた<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Short History of Anarchism |last=Nettlau |first=Max |authorlink=Max Nettlau |year=1996 |publisher=Freedom Press |isbn=0900384891 |page=162}}</ref>。

The [[collectivist anarchism|collectivist anarchists]] advocated remuneration for the type and amount of labor adhering to the principle "to each according to deeds";<ref>Kropotkin, Peter. The Wages System. 1920. Also available: http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1920/wage.htm quote: "Such, in a few words, is the organization which the Collectivists desire ... their principles are: collective property in the instruments of labor and remuneration of each worker according to the time spent in productive toil, taking into account the productiveness of his work."</ref> but held out the possibility of a post-revolutionary transition to a communist system of distribution according to need. As Bakunin's associate, [[James Guillaume]], put it in his essay, ''Ideas on Social Organization'' (1876), "When... production comes to outstrip consumption... [e]veryone will draw what he needs from the abundant social reserve of commodities, without fear of depletion; and the moral sentiment which will be more highly developed among free and equal workers will prevent, or greatly reduce, abuse and waste."<ref>James Guillaume,  [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/guillaume/works/ideas.htm Ideas on Social Organization]</ref>

===第一インターナショナル===
{{Main|第一インターナショナル}}
Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the [[First International]] by [[Carlo Cafiero]], [[Emilio Covelli]], [[Errico Malatesta]], [[Andrea Costa]] and other ex-[[Giuseppe Mazzini|Mazzinian]] Republicans.<ref>Nunzio Pernicone, "Italian Anarchism 1864 - 1892", pp. 111-113, AK Press 2009.</ref> Out of respect for [[Mikhail Bakunin]], they did not make their differences with [[collectivist anarchism]] explicit until after Bakunin's death.<ref>James Guillaume, [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/guillaume/works/bakunin.htm "Michael Bakunin - A Biographical Sketch"]</ref> The collectivist anarchists sought to collectivize ownership of the means of production while retaining payment proportional to the amount and kind of labor of each individual, but the anarcho-communists sought to extend the concept of collective ownership to the products of labor as well. While both groups argued against capitalism, the anarchist communists departed from Proudhon and Bakunin, who maintained that individuals have a right to the product of their individual labor and to be remunerated for their particular contribution to production.  But, Errico Malatesta put it: "...instead of running the risk of making a confusion in trying to distinguish what you and I each do, let us all work and put everything in common. In this way each will give to society all that his strength permits until enough is produced for every one; and each will take all that he needs, limiting his needs only in those things of which there is not yet plenty for every one."<ref>Malatesta, Errico.  A Talk About Anarchist Communism Between Two Workers.  Also available at: http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/malatesta/MalatestaATAC.html</ref>
[[Image:ErricoMalatesta.gif|thumb|200px|right|[[Errico Malatesta]]]]
Cafiero explains in ''Anarchy and Communism'' (1880) that private property in the product of labor will lead to unequal accumulation of capital and, therefore, the reappearance of social classes and their antagonisms, and thus the resurrection of the state: "If we preserve the individual appropriation of the products of labour, we would be forced to preserve money, leaving more or less accumulation of wealth according to more or less merit rather than need of individuals."<ref name="Graham-2005" /> At the Florence Conference of the Italian Federation of the International in 1876, held in a forest outside [[Florence]] due to [[police]] activity, they declared the principles of anarcho-communism, beginning with:

<blockquote>"The Italian Federation considers the collective property of the products of labour as the necessary complement to the collectivist programme, the aid of all for the satisfaction of the needs of each being the only rule of production and consumption which corresponds to the principle of solidarity. The federal congress at Florence has eloquently demonstrated the opinion of the Italian International on this point..."</blockquote>

The above report was made in an article by Malatesta and Cafiero in the (Swiss) [[Jura Federation]]'s bulletin later that year.

===ピョートル・クロポトキン===
{{Main|ピョートル・クロポトキン}}
[[Image:Kropotkin at his desk.jpg|thumb|240px|left|[[ピョートル・クロポトキン]]]]
[[Peter Kropotkin]], often seen as the most important theorist of anarchist communism, outlined his economic ideas in ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'' and ''[[Fields, Factories and Workshops]]''. Kropotkin felt that co-operation is more beneficial than competition, arguing in his major scientific work ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]'' that this was well-illustrated in nature. He advocated the abolition of private property through the "expropriation of the whole of social wealth" by the people themselves,<ref name="Kropotkin-Words-99">[[Peter Kropotkin]], ''Words of a Rebel'', p99.</ref> and for the economy to be co-ordinated through a horizontal network of voluntary associations<ref name="Kropotkin-Conquest-145">Peter Kropotkin, ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', p145.</ref> where goods are distributed according to the physical needs of the individual, rather than according to labor.<ref name="Shatz-1995-xvi">Marshall Shatz, Introduction to Kropotkin: The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings, Cambridge University Press 1995, p. xvi "Anarchist communism called for the socialization not only of production but of the distribution of goods: the community would supply the subsistence requirements of each individual member free of charge, and the criterion, 'to each according to his labor' would be superseded by the criterion 'to each according to his needs.'"</ref> He further argued that these "needs," as society progressed, would not merely be physical needs but "[a]s soon as his material wants are satisfied, other needs, of an artistic character, will thrust themselves forward the more ardently. Aims of life vary with each and every individual; and the more society is civilized, the more will individuality be developed, and the more will desires be varied."<ref name="Kropotkin-Conquest-Ch9">Peter Kropotkin, ''The Conquest of Bread'' [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/conquest/ch9.html Chapter IX The Need For Luxury]</ref>

He maintained that, in anarcho-communism:

{{quotation|...houses, fields, and factories will no longer be private property, and that they will belong to the commune or the nation and money, wages, and trade would be abolished.|Peter Kropotkin, ''The Conquest of Bread''<ref name="Kropotkin-Conquest-Ch13">Kropotkin, Peter [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/conquest/ch13.html Chapter 13 ''The Collectivist Wages System'' from ''The Conquest of Bread''], G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1906.</ref>}}

Individuals and groups would use and control whatever resources they needed, as the aim of anarchist communism was to place "the product reaped or manufactured at the disposal of all, leaving to each the liberty to consume them as he pleases in his own home."<ref>''The Place of Anarchism in the Evolution of Socialist Thought''</ref> He supported the expropriation of property to ensure that everyone would have access to what they needed without being forced to sell their labour to get it.

{{quotation|We do not want to rob any one of his coat, but we wish to give to the workers all those things the lack of which makes them fall an easy prey to the exploiter, and we will do our utmost that none shall lack aught, that not a single man shall be forced to sell the strength of his right arm to obtain a bare subsistence for himself and his babes. This is what we mean when we talk of Expropriation...|Peter Kropotkin, ''The Conquest of Bread''<ref name="Kropotkin-Conquest-Ch4">Kropotkin, Peter [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu:16080/Anarchist_archives/kropotkin/conquest/ch4.html The Conquest Of Bread Chapter IV]</ref>}}

He said that a "peasant who is in possession of just the amount of land he can cultivate," and "a family inhabiting a house which affords them just enough space... considered necessary for that number of people" and the [[artisan]] "working with their own tools or handloom" would not be interfered with,<ref name="Kropotkin-Act-104-05">Kropotkin ''Act for yourselves.'' N. Walter and H. Becker, eds. (London: Freedom Press 1985) [p. 104-5]</ref> arguing that "[t]he landlord owes his riches to the poverty of the peasants, and the wealth of the capitalist comes from the same source."<ref name="Kropotkin-Act-104-05" />

In summation, Kropotkin described an anarchist communist economy as functioning like this:

{{quotation|Imagine a society, comprising a few million inhabitants, engaged in agriculture and a great variety of industries--Paris, for example, with the Department of Seine-et-Oise. Suppose that in this society all children learn to work with their hands as well as with their brains. Admit that all adults, save women, engaged in the education of their children, bind themselves to work 5 hours a day from the age of twenty or twenty-two to forty-five or fifty, and that they follow occupations they have chosen in any one branch of human work considered necessary. Such a society could in return guarantee well-being to all its members; that is to say, a more substantial well-being than that enjoyed to-day by the middle classes. And, moreover, each worker belonging to this society would have at his disposal at least 5 hours a day which he could devote to science, art, and individual needs which do not come under the category of necessities, but will probably do so later on, when man's productivity will have augmented, and those objects will no longer appear luxurious or inaccessible. Peter Kropotkin, ''The Conquest of Bread''<ref name="Kropotkin-Conquest-Ch8">Kropotkin, Peter [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/conquest/ch8.html The Conquest Of Bread Chapter VIII, Ways and Means]</ref>}}

While many anarcho-communists are opposed to [[trade]], some post-left and post-scarcity anarcho-communists, and ones with [[syndicalism|syndicalist]] sympathies, are not opposed to trade. Some support a non-monetary form of trade in the form of non-monetary commons. Others such as Tiziana Terranova easily see anarcho-communism being compatible with a non-hierarchical, open access, free association, non-monetary form of trade such as [[Peer-to-peer|P2P]].<ref name="Terranova">[[Tiziana Terranova]], "Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy". 07-26-2005</ref>

===Organizationalism vs. insurrectionarism===
{{Main|:en:Insurrectionary anarchism}}
"In 1876, at the Berne conference of the [[International Working Men's Association]], the Italian anarchist [[Errico Malatesta]] argued that the [[revolution]] "consists more of deeds than words", and that [[propaganda by the deed|action was the most effective form of propaganda]]. In the bulletin of the [[Jura Federation]] he declared "the Italian federation believes that the insurrectional fact, destined to affirm socialist principles by deed, is the most efficacious means of propaganda".<ref name="propaganda">[http://struggle.ws/ws98/ws55_prop_deed.html "Propaganda by the deed" by [[Workers Solidarity]] No 55 published in October 1998]</ref> "

As [[anarcho-communism]] emerged in the mid 19th century it had an intense debate with [[bakuninist]] [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]] and as such within the anarchist movement over participation in [[syndicalism]] and the workers movement as well as on other issues.<ref name=" Alain Pengam">"This inability to break definitively with collectivism in all its forms also exhibited itself over the question of the workers' movement, which divided anarchist-communism into a number of tendencies."[http://www.zabalaza.net/theory/txt_anok_comm_ap.htm "Anarchist-Communism" by Alain Pengam]</ref>
So "In the theory of the revolution" of anarcho-communism as elaborated by [[Peter Kropotkin]] and others "it is the risen people who are the real agent and not the [[working class]] organised in the enterprise (the cells of the capitalist mode of production) and seeking to assert itself as labour power, as a more 'rational' industrial body or social brain (manager) than the employers.".<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/>
[[Image:Johannmost.jpg|right|thumb|180px|[[Johann Most]] influential [[German American|German-American]] anarcho-communist advocate of [[insurrectionary anarchism]]]]
So "between 1880 and 1890"<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/> with the "perspective of an [[immanent]] [[revolution]],"<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/> who was "opposed to the official workers' movement, which was then in the process of formation (general [[Social democracy|Social Democratisation]]). They were opposed not only to political (statist) struggles but also to strikes which put forward wage or other claims, or which were organised by trade unions."<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/> But "While they were not opposed to strikes as such, they were opposed to trade unions and the struggle for the eight-hour day.  This anti-reformist tendency was accompanied by an anti-organisational tendency, and its partisans declared themselves in favour of agitation amongst the unemployed for the expropriation of foodstuffs and other articles, for the expropriatory strike and, in some cases, for '[[individual recuperation]]' or acts of terrorism."<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/>

But after [[Peter Kropotkin]] along others decided to enter [[labor union]]s after their initial reservations,<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/> there remained "the anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists, who in France were grouped around [[Sebastien Faure]]'s ''Le Libertaire''.  From 1905 onwards, the Russian counterparts of these anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists become partisans of economic terrorism and illegal '[[Confiscation|expropriation]]s'."<ref name=" Alain Pengam"/> [[Illegalism]] as a practice emerged and within it "The acts of the anarchist bombers and assassins ("[[propaganda by the deed]]") and the anarchist burglars ("[[individual reappropriation]]") expressed their desperation and their personal, violent rejection of an intolerable society. Moreover, they were clearly meant to be exemplary , invitations to revolt."<ref name="illegalism">{{cite web|url=http://recollectionbooks.com/siml/library/illegalistsDougImrie.htm |title="The "illegalists" by Doug Imrie. From "Anarchy: a Journal Of Desire Armed" , Fall-Winter, 1994-95 |publisher=Recollectionbooks.com |date=1954-08-28 |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref>

Proponents and activists of these tactics among others included [[Johann Most]], [[Luigi Galleani]], [[Victor Serge]], [[Giuseppe Ciancabilla]] and [[Severino Di Giovanni]]. The Italian [[Giuseppe Ciancabilla]] (1872–1904) wrote in "Against organization" that "we don't want tactical programs, and consequently we don't want organization. Having established the aim, the goal to which we hold, we leave every anarchist free to choose from the means that his sense, his education, his temperament, his fighting spirit suggest to him as best. We don't form fixed programs and we don't form small or great parties. But we come together spontaneously, and not with permanent criteria, according to momentary affinities for a specific purpose, and we constantly change these groups as soon as the purpose for which we had associated ceases to be, and other aims and needs arise and develop in us and push us to seek new collaborators, people who think as we do in the specific circumstance."<ref name="ciancabilla">[http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Giuseppe_Ciancabilla__Against_organization.html "Against organization" by Giuseppe Ciancabilla]. Retrieved 2010-06-10.</ref>

===Revolution, platformism and synthesism===
{{Main|:en:Anarchism_in_Russia#The_First_Russian_Revolution|:en:Free Territory|:en:Platformism|:en:Synthesis anarchism}}
In [[Ukraine]] the anarcho-communist guerrilla leader [[Nestor Makhno]] led an independent anarchist army in [[Ukraine]] during the [[Russian Civil War]]. A commander of the peasant ''[[Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]]'', also known as the ''Anarchist Black Army'', Makhno led a [[guerrilla]] campaign during the [[Russian Civil War]].  The revolutionary autonomous movement of which he was a part made various tactical military pacts while fighting various forces of reaction and organizing the [[Free Territory]] of [[Ukraine]], an [[list of anarchist communities|anarchist society]], committed to resisting state authority, whether [[Capitalist state|capitalist]] or [[Bolshevik]].<ref>Yekelchyk 2007, p 80.</ref><ref name="OIHMW163">{{Cite book
|author=Charles Townshend, John Bourne, Jeremy Black
|title=The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=
|year=1997
|pages=
|isbn=0198204272
|oclc=
|doi=
}}</ref> After successfully repelling Austro-Hungarian, White, and Ukrainian Nationalist forces, the Makhnovists militia forces and anarchist communist territories in the Ukraine were eventually crushed by Bolshevik military forces.

In [[Mexico]] [[Ricardo Flores Magón]] was one of the major thinkers of the [[Mexican Revolution]] and the Mexican revolutionary movement in the [[Partido Liberal Mexicano]]. Kropotkin's ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', which Flores Magón considered a kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the short-lived revolutionary communes in [[Baja California]] during the "Magónista" Revolt of 1911.

[[File:Machno.jpg|150px|left|thumb|[[Nestor Makhno]]]]A group of exiled [[Russian anarchists]] attempted to address and explain the anarchist movement's failures during the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]]. They wrote the ''Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists'' which was written in 1926 by ''[[Dielo Truda]]'' ("Workers' Cause"). The pamphlet is an analysis of the basic anarchist beliefs, a vision of an anarchist society, and recommendations as to how an anarchist organization should be structured. The four main principles by which an anarchist organization should operate, according to the ''Platform'', are ideological unity, tactical unity, [[collective action]], and [[federalism]]. The platform argues that "We have vital need of an organization which, having attracted most of the participants in the anarchist movement, would establish a common tactical and political line for anarchism and thereby serve as a guide for the whole movement".

The Platform attracted strong criticism from many sectors on the anarchist movement of the time including some of the most influential anarchists such as [[Voline]], [[Errico Malatesta]], [[Luigi Fabbri]], [[Camillo Berneri]], [[Max Nettlau]], [[Alexander Berkman]],<ref>[http://www.inspiracy.com/black/wooden.html%20 "¿Wooden shoes or platform shoes? on the organizational platform of the libertarian communists" by [[Bob Black]]{{リンク切れ|date=September 2010}}</ref> [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Gregori Maximoff]].<ref>{{cite web|author=— George Carlin |url=http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3%20 |title=J.3.4 Why do many anarchists oppose the "Platform"? on [[An Anarchist FAQ]] |publisher=Infoshop.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref>  Malatesta, after initially opposing the Platform, later came to agreement with the Platform confirming that the original difference of opinion was due to linguistic confusion: "...I find myself more or less in agreement with their way of conceiving the anarchist organisation (being very far from the authoritarian spirit which the "Platform" seemed to reveal) and I confirm my belief that behind the linguistic differences really lie identical positions." <ref>Malatesta, On Collective Responsibility, http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/mal_rep3.htm</ref>

Two texts were made by the anarchist communists [[Sebastian Faure]] and [[Volin]] as responses to the Platform, each proposing different models, are the basis for what became known as the organisation of synthesis, or simply "[[Synthesis anarchism|synthesism]]".<ref name="anarkismo.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.anarkismo.net/article/15329 |title="Especifismo and Synthesis/ Synthesism" by Felipe Corrêa |publisher=Anarkismo.net |date=2009-12-22 |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref>
[[Voline]] published in 1924 a paper calling for "the anarchist synthesis" and was also the author of the article in [[Sebastian Faure]]'s ''Encyclopedie Anarchiste'' on the same topic.<ref name="infoshop.org">{{cite web|author=— Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin |url=http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionJ3 |title="J.3.2 What are "synthesis" federations?" in [[An Anarchist FAQ]] |publisher=Infoshop.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref> The main purpose behind the synthesis was that the anarchist movement in most countries was divided into three main tendencies: [[communist anarchism]], [[anarcho-syndicalism]], and [[individualist anarchism]]<ref name="infoshop.org"/> and so such an organization could contain anarchists of this 3 tendencies very well. Faure in his text "Anarchist synthesis" has the view that "these currents were not contradictory but complementary, each having a role within anarchism: [[anarcho-syndicalism]] as the strength of the mass organisations and the best way for the practice of anarchism; [[libertarian communism]] as a proposed future society based on the distribution of the fruits of labour according to the needs of each one; [[anarcho-individualism]] as a negation of oppression and affirming the individual right to development of the individual, seeking to please them in every way.<ref name="anarkismo.net"/>

==Economic theory==
{{Ref improve section|date=October 2009}}
Anarcho-communism stresses [[egalitarianism]] and the abolition of [[social hierarchy]] and class distinctions arising from unequal wealth distribution, as well as the abolition of [[private property]] and [[money]]. Replacing these approaches would be collective production and distribution of wealth by means of voluntary association. In anarchist communism, the state and private property would no longer exist. Each individual and group would be free to contribute to production and to satisfy their needs based on their own choice. Systems of production and distribution would be managed by their participants.

The abolition of [[wage labor]] is central to anarchist communism. With distribution of wealth being based on self-determined needs, people would be free to engage in whatever activities they found most fulfilling and would no longer have to engage in work for which they have neither the temperament nor the aptitude.

Anarchist communists argue that there is no valid way of measuring the value of any one person's economic contributions because all wealth is a collective product of current and preceding generations.<ref>[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Alexander_Berkman__What_Is_Communist_Anarchism_.html#toc24 [[Alexander Berkman]]. ''What Is Communist Anarchism?'']</ref>  For instance, one could not measure the value of a factory worker's daily production without taking into account how transportation, food, water, shelter, relaxation, machine efficiency, emotional mood etc. contributed to their production. To truly give numerical economic value to anything, an overwhelming amount of externalities and contributing factors would need to be taken into account&nbsp;– especially current or past labor contributing to the ability to utilize future labor. As Kropotkin put it: "No distinction can be drawn between the work of each man. Measuring the work by its results leads us to absurdity; dividing and measuring them by hours spent on the work also leads us to absurdity. One thing remains: put the needs  above the works, and first of all recognize the right to live, and later on, to the comforts of life, for all those who take their share in production.."<ref>Kropotkin, Peter. "The Collectivist Wage System". The Conquest of Bread, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1906, Chapter 13, Section 4</ref>

Anarchist communists argue that any economic system based on wage labor and private property requires a coercive state apparatus to enforce [[property rights]] and to maintain unequal economic relationships that inevitably arise from differences in wages or amount of property. They further argue that [[market]]s and systems of currency divide labor into classes and assign arbitrary numerical values to an individual's work and attempt to regulate production, consumption and distribution. They argue that money restricts an individual's ability to consume the products of their labor by limiting their intake with prices and wages. Anarchist communists recognize money as fundamentally quantitative in nature, rather than qualitative. They believe production should be a qualitative matter, and that consumption and distribution should be self-determined by each individual without arbitrary value assigned to labor, goods and services by others. In place of a market, most anarcho-communists support a currency-less gift economy where goods and services are produced by workers and distributed in community stores where everyone (including the workers who produced them) is essentially entitled to consume whatever they want or need as "payment" for their production of goods and services. A gift economy does not necessarily involve an immediate return (such as with remuneration); compensation comes in the form of whatever the person decides is of equal value to their products of labor (what is commonly called [[barter]]ing). Any limits on production and distribution would be determined by the individuals within the groups involved, rather than by capitalist owners, investors, banks or other artificial market pressures.
[[File:La conquête du pain.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'' by [[Peter Kropotkin]], influential work which presents the economic vision of [[anarcho-communism]]]]
Communist anarchism shares many traits with [[collectivist anarchism]] but has defining differences. Collectivist anarchism believes in collective ownership but communist anarchism negates the entire concept of ownership in favor of the concept of usage.<ref>Alexander Berkman. ''[[Now and After|What is Anarchism?]]'', p. 217</ref> Thus, things are seen as either private possessions used by an individual, or social possessions used to produce for society. Anarcho-communists believe that means of production should not be owned by any one person or entity, leaving it free to be used by individuals for their own self-determined needs and wants. Land and housing would no longer be subject to rent or property taxes (and therefore, its use would be free of [[eviction]] threats). It would instead be subject simply to the desires of occupants on an egalitarian basis. For example, in an apartment building in which many live, no one person would have a say in the arrangements. All who live there would be involved in decisionmaking. It's typically argued that everyone should share certain responsibilities on a revolving-door basis rather than relegate them to any particular individual.  This way, no one would get stuck doing labor considered relatively degrading.

Crucially, the abstract relationship of "landlord" and "tenant" would no longer exist, as such titles are held to occur under conditional legal coercion and are not absolutely necessary to occupy buildings or spaces ([[intellectual property]] rights would also cease). In addition to believing rent and other fees are exploitative, anarcho-communists feel these are arbitrary pressures inducing people to carry out unrelated functions. For example, they question why one should have to work for 'X hours' a day to merely live somewhere. So instead of working conditionally for the sake of the wage earned, they believe in working directly for the objective at hand. From this it follows that, rather than land being for sale or rent, vacant land and housing would be freely taken regardless of one's employment or financial status (essentially, the "for sale" sign could be replaced by a "vacant" sign).
Therefore, in anarcho-communist theory, land used by individuals for themselves or their families, or productive property used to produce for an individual (such as a small farm), would be considered private possessions rather than social possessions. The individual would be perfectly free to create something and keep it as long as it is not a crucial means of production for the community or general public.
So an artist's paintbrushes would not need outside approval to be utilized, and the same basic principle would apply to other personal items such as one's toothbrush, musical instruments or book collection, which others needn't tamper with. However, if the matter at hand involves production for society (such as a factory which makes toothbrushes, musical instruments or books), it would become a social possession, accountable to all who work within it and the consuming public.
In that regard, anarcho-communism could be considered a compromise between collective and individual use.<ref>Kropotkin Act for yourselves. N. Walter and H. Becker, eds. (London: Freedom Press 1985) [p. 104-5]</ref>

Anarcho-communists reject [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualist]] economics because they believe that market competition, even non-capitalist markets, inherently create inequalities in wealth and land which would lead to inequalities of power - thus the recreation of the State and capitalism as some workers would have more access to capital and defence force than others. They reject collectivist economics arguing that remuneration would require a type of currency, which, again, anarcho-communists reject as an artificial measurement of the value of labor. They further argue that those who are not part of collective groups or unions in [[workers' council]]s and [[collective]]s could be alienated from access to capital, and thus promote free common use over ownership by society.

==Philosophical debates==
====Motivation====
Anarchist communists reject the claim that wage labor is necessary because people are by "nature" lazy and selfish. They point out that even the so-called "idle rich" sometimes find useful things to do despite having all their needs satisfied by the labour of others.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} Anarcho-communists generally do not agree with the belief in a pre-set 'human nature', arguing that human culture and behavior is very largely determined by [[socialization]]. Many, like Peter Kropotkin, also believe that human evolutionary tendency is for humans to cooperate with each other for mutual benefit and survival instead of existing as lone competitors.<ref>Peter Kropotkin ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution]]''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/mutaidcontents.html]</ref>

While anarchist communists [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Murray Bookchin]] believed that the members of such a society would spontaneously perform all necessary labour because they would recognize the benefits of communal enterprise and mutual aid,<ref>
* Kropotkin, Peter ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]'', 1998 paperback, London: Freedom Press. ISBN 0-900384-36-0, also at [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4341 Project Gutenberg]
* Kropotkin, Peter ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', first published 1892, also at [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/conquest/toc.html Anarchy Archives]
* Kropotkin, Peter ''[[Fields, Factories and Workshops]]'', available at [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/fields.html Anarchy Archives]
* Bookchin, Murray ''Post Scarcity Anarchism'' (1971 and 2004) ISBN 1-904859-06-2.</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} others such as [[Nestor Makhno]] and [[Ricardo Flores Magon]] had the conviction that all those able to work in an anarchist communist society should be obligated to do so, excepting groups like children, the elderly, the sick, or the infirm.<ref>Dielo Trouda Editoral Group. "Supplement to the Organizational Platform (Questions and Answers)". 2 November 1926. [http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/supporg.htm "Supplement to the Organizational Platform (Questions and Answers)"]</ref><ref>Puente, Isaac. "Libertarian Communism". 1932. The Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review #6. Orkney. English Translation 1982. Also available at: http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/libcom.html</ref><ref>Berneri, Camilo. "The Problem of Work". pp. 59-82, Why Work?. Vernon Richards (ed.). p. 74</ref><ref>Flores, Magon; Rivera, Librado; Figueroa, Anselmo; Magon, Enrique Flores. "Manifesto". 23 September 1911. Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magon Reader. Chaz Bufe and Mitchell Cowen Verter (ed.) 2005. pgs. 139,141 & 144</ref>  Kropotkin did not think [[laziness]] or [[sabotage]] would be a major problem in an authentically anarchist-communist society, but he did agree that a freely associated anarchist commune could, and probably should, deliberately disassociate from those not fulfilling their communal agreement to do their share of work.<ref>Kropotkin, Peter ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', Ch. 12, Objections, first published 1892, also at [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/conquest/ch12.htmls]</ref>

====Freedom, work and leisure====
Anarchist communists support communism as a means for ensuring the greatest freedom and well-being for everyone, rather than only the wealthy and powerful.  In this sense, anarchist communism is a profoundly [[egalitarian]] philosophy. 

Anarchist communism as an anarchist philosophy is against hierarchy in all its forms<ref>"...whatever else may be said, this much is for sure: the welfare of humanity, which the future can and will bring, lies in communism. It excludes in logical ways all authority and servitude, and therefore equals anarchy." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Johann_Most__Anarchist_Communism.html "Anarchist Communism" by [[Johann Most]]]</ref>. Anarchist communists do not think that anyone has the right to be anyone else's master, or 'boss' as this is a concept of capitalism and the state and implies authority over the individual. Some contemporary anarchist communists and advocates of [[post-left anarchy]] such as [[Bob Black]] [[refusal of work|reject the concept of work]] altogether in favor of turning necessary subsistence tasks into voluntary free play.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bob Black |url=http://deoxy.org/endwork.htm |title=The Abolition Of Work |publisher=Deoxy.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref>

[[Peter Kropotkin]] said that the main authoritarian mistakes in communist experiments of the past were their being based on "religious enthusiasm"<ref>"nearly all communities were founded by an almost religious wave of enthusiasm. People were asked to become "pioneers of humanity;" to submit to the dictates of a punctilious morality, to become quite regenerated by Communist life, to give all their time, hours of work and of leisure, to the community, to live entirely for the community. This meant acting simply like monks and to demand — without any necessity — men to be what they are not."[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html [[Peter Kropotkin]]. "Communism and Anarchy"]</ref> and the desire to live "as a family"<ref>"The second mistake lay in the desire to manage the community after the model of a family, to make it "the great family" They lived all in the same house and were thus forced to continuously meet the same "brethren and sisters." It is already difficult often for two real brothers to live together in the same house, and family life is not always harmonious; so it was a fundamental error to impose on all the "great family" instead of trying, on the contrary, to guarantee as much freedom and home life to each individual." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html [[Peter Kropotkin]]. "Communism and Anarchy"]</ref> where the individual had to "submit to the dictates of a punctilious morality".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html |title=Peter Kropotkin |publisher=Theanarchistlibrary.org |date=2009-02-25 |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref> For him anarcho-communism should be based on the right of free association and dissasociation for individuals and groups and on significantly lowering the amount of hours each individual dedicates to necessary labor.<ref name="theanarchistlibrary.org">[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html [[Peter Kropotkin]]. "Communism and Anarchy"]</ref> He says that "to recognise a variety of occupations as the basis of all progress and to organise in such a way that man may be absolutely free during his leisure time, whilst he may also vary his work, a change for which his early education and instruction will have prepared him — this can easily be put in practice in a Communist society — this, again, means the emancipation of the individual, who will find doors open in every direction for his complete development."<ref name="theanarchistlibrary.org"/>

====Individualism and collectivism====
Some anarcho-communists (and [[collectivist anarchists]] as well) reject "individualism" and "collectivism" as illusory concepts.<ref>{{cite web|title=A.2 What does anarchism stand for?<!--Bot-generated title-->|url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1931/secA2.html#seca213|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kmoMlk6V|archivedate=2009-10-25|accessdate=2009-10-25}}{{リンク切れ|date=August 2010}}</ref> They argue that an individual sacrificing themself for the "greater good" or being ruled by the "community" or "society" is not possible because society is composed of individuals rather than being a cohesive unit separate from the individual, and argue that collective control over the individual is tyrannical and un-anarchistic.<ref>The Place of Anarchism in the Evolution of Socialist Thought, p. 14-15</ref>  Others, such as Lucien van der Walt and Michael Schmidt, argue that: "The anarchists did not ... identify freedom with the right of everybody to do exactly what one pleased but with a social order in which collective effort and responsibilities- that is to say, obligations- would provide the material basis and social nexus in which individual freedom could exist."  They argued that "genuine freedom and individuality could only exist in a free society" and that in contrast to "misanthropic bourgeois individualism" anarchism was based in "a deep love of freedom, understood as a social product, a deep respect for human rights, a profound celebration of humankind and its potential and a commitment to a form of society where a 'true individuality' was irrevocably linked to 'the highest communist socieability'"<ref>Schmidt, Michael & van der Walt, Lucien. [[Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power vol 1)]]. I. AK Press. 2009. Page 48</ref>

[[Philosophy of Max Stirner|Egoist]] philosophical positions are important in anarcho-communist [[insurrectionary anarchism]]. In the early 20th century the Italian [[individualist anarchist]] [[Renzo Novatore]] advocated both revolution and anarcho-communism when he spoke that "revolution is the fire of our will and a need of our solitary minds; it is an obligation of the libertarian aristocracy. To create new ethical values. To create new aesthetic values. To communalize material wealth. To individualize spiritual wealth.".<ref name="creativenothing">[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Renzo_Novatore__Toward_the_Creative_Nothing.html "Towards the creative Nothing" by Renzo Novatore]</ref> From [[Stirner]]ist positions he also disrespected private property when he said that "Only ethical and spiritual wealth" was "invulnerable.
This is the true property of individuals. The rest no!
The rest is vulnerable! And all that is vulnerable will be violated!".<ref name="creativenothing"/> This can also be seen in the contemporary writings of [[insurrectionary anarchism]], as can be seen in the work of [[Wolfi Landstreicher]], [[Alfredo Bonanno]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Alfredo_M._Bonanno__The_Theory_of_the_Individual__Stirner_s_Savage_Thought.html |title=The Theory of the Individual: Stirner's Savage Thought |publisher=Theanarchistlibrary.org |date=1998-08-20 |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref><ref name="ai ferri corti">{{cite web|url=http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Anonymous__At_Daggers_Drawn_with_the_Existent__its_Defenders_and_its_False_Critics.html |title="At Daggers Drawn with the Existent, its Defenders and its False Critics" by anonymous |publisher=Theanarchistlibrary.org |date=1905-12-11 |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref> [[Post-left anarchy|Post-left]] anarcho-communist [[Bob Black]] after analysing [[Insurrectionary anarchism|insurrectionary]] anarcho-communist [[Luigi Galleani]]'s view on anarcho-communism went as far as saying that "communism is the final fulfillment of [[individualism]]...The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both...Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of “emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual,”...You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a “method of individualization.” It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

On the article by [[Max Baginski]] called "Stirner: The Ego and His Own" published in the American anarchist magazine [[Mother Earth (magazine)|Mother Earth]] there is the following affirmation "Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved - and how enslaved! The individuality is nowadays held in far stronger bondage by property, than by the combined power of State, religion and morality...The prime condition is that the individual should not be forced to humiliate and lower himself for the sake of property and subsistence. Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand - that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand."<ref>[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/goldman/ME/mev2n3.html#142 Max Baginski. "Stirner: The Ego and His Own" on ''[[Mother Earth (magazine)|Mother Earth]]''. Vol. 2. No. 3 MAY, 1907]</ref>

====Property====
Anarchist communists counter the capitalist conception that communal property can only be maintained by force and that such a position is neither fixed in nature <ref>Kropotkin, Peter. Mutual Aid</ref> nor unchangeable in practice, citing numerous examples of communal behavior occurring naturally even within capitalist systems.<ref>[[Colin Ward]]. ''Anarchism in Action''</ref>

====The revolution and the transition====
For [[platformist]] anarcho-communist Wayne Price "Today’s proposals for [[Parecon]], in which workers are rewarded for the intensity and duration of their labor in a cooperative economy, would fit into Bakunin’s or Marx’s concept of a transitory, beginning, phase, of a free society...Kropotkin rejected the two-phase approach of the Marxists and the anarchist-collectivists. Instead he proposed that a revolutionary society should “transform itself immediately into a communist society,”, that is, should go immediately into what Marx had regarded as the [[Communism#Marxism|“more advanced,” completed, phase of communism.]] Kropotkin and those who agreed with him called themselves “anarchist-communists” (or “communist anarchists”), although they continued to regard themselves as a part of the broader socialist movement.<ref>[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Wayne_Price__What_is_Anarchist_Communism_.html "What is Anarchist Communism?" by Wayne Price]</ref>"

Marxist-Leninists believe that without a transitionary period of state control (their interpretation of the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]]) it would be impossible for any revolution to maintain the momentum or cohesion to defend the new society against external and internal threats. [[Friedrich Engels]] noted: "Without a previous social revolution the abolition of the state is nonsense; the abolition of capital is in itself the social revolution and involves a change in the whole method of production."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/marx/works/1872/letters/72_01_24.htm|title=Letter from Engels to Theodore Cuno|year=1872|publisher=Friedrich Engels|accessdate=2009-11-07}} {{リンク切れ|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Alternatively, such quotations have been interpreted by Anarcho-Communists supportive of Marx and Engels to suggest the abolition of capitalism and the state simultaneously, not the creation of a new state. Anarchists reject the Leninist model of the "dictatorship of the proletariat," arguing that any revolutionary minority taking over state power would be just as authoritarian as the ruling class in capitalism to defend the new state, and would eventually constitute itself as a new ruling class. As an extension of this, Anarcho-communists counter-argue that decentralized, stateless collective federations are sufficient to give both power to workers and preserve personal freedom and point to the fact that no socialist state has ever showed signs of "withering away". Again, the Spanish Revolution is cited as an example of successful anarchist military mobilisation, albeit one crushed by superior forces.

==無政府共産主義社会の歴史における例==
====初期====
その時点での世界とはまったく異なる、無政府共産主義の建設を目指した試みは、成功したものも失敗したものも含めていくつか存在してきた。無政府共産主義者と[[グリーン・アナキズム]] (特に[[原始的アナキズム]])の支持者は、家族のような[[狩猟採集社会]]におけるムラは、自然に平等主義が実現されていたことから、無政府共産主義のごく早い形態だとみなす。キリスト教アナキストや一部の歴史家には、初期のキリスト教共同体は無政府共産主義的な性格を持っていたという。[[清教徒革命]]時の[[ディガーズ|ディガーズ運動]]（[[:en:Diggers]]）等の運動は、無政府共産主義運動である。

====スペインのアナキストとその後の例====
The best known examples of an ''anarchist communist'' society, established around the ideas as they exist today, that received worldwide attention and knowledge in the historical canon, are the anarchist territories during the [[Spanish Revolution]] and the [[Free Territory]] during the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]].  Through the efforts and influence of the [[Spanish Anarchists]] during the [[Spanish Revolution]] within the [[Spanish Civil War]], starting in 1936 anarchist communism existed in most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia, as well as in the stronghold of [[Anarchist Catalonia]] before being brutally crushed by the combined forces of [[Francoism]], Hitler, Mussolini, Spanish Communist Party repression (backed by the USSR) as well as economic and armaments blockades from the capitalist countries and the Spanish Republic itself. The Spanish example, in which high levels of mobilisation and swift improvements to production were implemented by anarchists, is often cited as an example of an anarchist-communist society which saw rapid improvements to both industrial and scientific output.<ref>Dolgoff, Sam. The Anarchist Collectives, ch. 10</ref> While some exponents of capitalism believe that such a society's productivity and technological progress would stagnate out of lack of monetary incentives.<ref name="Busky-101">Donald F. Busky, ''Communism in History and Theory: From Utopian Socialism to the Fall of the Soviet Union''. Praeger/Greenwood 2002, p. 101</ref>

During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as [[Nestor Makhno]] worked to create and defend- through the [[Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine]]- anarchist communism in the [[Free Territory]] of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921. Later movements include the free territories of Hungary during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]].

[[Image:Anarchist communism.svg|thumb|200px|right|The flag of the French ''Fulor'' Anarcho-Communist movement]]

====近代の例====
[[フリーソフトウェア運動]]や[[GNU]]プロジェクト、[[コピーレフト]]の概念は、情報とソフトウェアに分野における贈与経済の形態である。贈与経済は無政府共産主義者が目指す経済体制である<ref name="Barbrook">{{Cite journal|title=The Hi-Tech Gift Economy|url=http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_12/barbrook/|last=Barbrook|first=Richard|journal=First Monday}}</ref>。プログラマーが[[ソースコード]]を書き、公開して、すべての人がそれをコピー、修正、改善できるという仕組みである。プログラマーは世間から評価を得られ、社会の構成員はよりよいプログラムを得られる。マルクス・ギースラーは、論文''Consumer Gift Systems''の中で、音楽ダウンロードは、贈与経済をもとにした社会的団結のシステムだと述べている<ref>Markus Giesler, {{PDFlink|[http://www.mymacexperience.com/GieslerJCR1.pdf Consumer Gift Systems]}}</ref><ref>{{[http://www.transaction.net/biz/models/opensource/ Countless Exchanges in the Gift Economy] Transaction.net 1999-05-24}}</ref>。[[ウィキメディア・コモンズ]]や、[[ウィキ]]システム、[[:en:Independent Media Center]]のようなオンラインを中心とする団体、運動は、無政府共産主義的な機能を持つともいわれる<ref name="Barbrook"/>。

==関連項目==
* [[社会的無政府主義]]

==Further reading==
*[[Alexander Berkman]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/comanarchism/whatis_toc.html What is Communist Anarchism?]'', ''Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist'', others
* [[Murray Bookchin]] ''[[Post Scarcity Anarchism]]'' (1971 and 2004) ISBN 1-904859-06-2
* [[Luigi Fabbri]] '' [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/fabbrianarandcom.html Anarchism and Communism]''
*[[Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici]], ''[http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=1336 Anarchist Communists: A Question Of Class]'', others
* [[Ricardo Flores Magon]] ''[http://www.akpress.org/2004/items/dreamsoffreedommagonreader Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magon Reader]''. Chaz Bufe and Mitchell Cowen Verter (ed.) 2005.
* Georges Fontenis. ''[http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/mlc/ Manifesto of Libertarian Communism]''
*[[Luigi Galleani]]. ''Anarchy Will Be!: Selected Writings Of Luigi Galleani''. [[AK Press]]. 2007. ISBN 9781904859291
*[[Emma Goldman]], ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/GoldmanCW.html Anarchism and Other Essays]'', ''Living My Life'', others
*[[Robert Graham (anarchist historian)|Robert Graham]], ''[[Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas]], Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm |title=Table Of Contents |publisher=Blackrosebooks.net |date= |accessdate=2010-09-20}}</ref> contains extensive selections from the anarchist communists, including [[Joseph Dejacque]], [[Carlo Cafiero]], [[Peter Kropotkin]], [[Luigi Galleani]], [[Errico Malatesta]], [[Charlotte Wilson]], [[Ricardo Flores Magon]], [[Shifu]], [[Hatta Shuzo]], [[Alexander Berkman]], [[Voline]], and [[Isaac Puente]].
* [[Peter Kropotkin]]''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]'', 1998 paperback, London: Freedom Press. ISBN 0-900384-36-0, also at [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4341 Project Gutenburg]
* [[Peter Kropotkin]] ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', first published 1892, also at [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/conquest/toc.html Anarchy Archives]
* [[Peter Kropotkin]] ''[[Fields, Factories and Workshops]]'', available at [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/fields.html Anarchy Archives]
* [[Peter Kropotkin]]r ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_archives/kropotkin/revpamphlets/anarchistcommunism.html Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Ideals]
* [[Peter Kropotkin]] ''[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html "Communism and Anarchy"]
*[[Nestor Makhno]], [[Ida Mett]], [[Piotr Arshinov]], [[Valevsky]], [[Linsky]], ''[http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/platform/org_plat.htm The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists]'' (available in: Castellano, čeština, Deutsch, English, Έλληνικά, Français, Italiano, Ivrit, Magyar, Nederlands, Polska, Português, Pyccкий, Svenska, Türkçe, Македонски)
* [[Errico Malatesta]] ''[http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/malatesta/MalatestaATAC.html A Talk About Anarchist Communism Between Two Workers]''
*[[Johann Most]].[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Johann_Most__Anarchist_Communism.html "Anarchist Communism"]
* Alain Pengam. [http://www.zabalaza.net/theory/txt_anok_comm_ap.htm Anarchist-Communism]
* [[Isaac Puente]] ''[http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/libcom.html Libertarian Communism]''
* Ilan Shalif. ''[http://ilan.shalif.com/anarchy/glimpses/glimpses.html GLIMPSES INTO THE YEAR 2100 (50 years after the revolution) Daily life in the libertarian communist society]''
* Michael Schmidt & Lucien van der Walt, . ''[http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/black-flame-the-revolutionary-class-politics-of-anarchism-and-syndicalism-%E2%80%94-book-excerpt/ [[Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power vol 1)]]]''. [http://www.akpress.org/2007/items/blackflameakpress AK Press]. 2009

==外部リンク==
{{Commons|Category:Anarchism}}
* [http://www.anarkismo.net/ anarkismo.net] - 無政府共産主義に関するニュース、議論と世界中からの理論
* [http://libcom.org/ libcom.org] - イギリスのアナキストとリバタリアン共産主義者のサイト

===The Anarchist Library===
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/index.html トップページ]
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Alexander_Berkman.html アレクサンダー・バークマンについて]
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Emma_Goldman.html エマ・ゴールドマンについて]
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Petr_Kropotkin.html ピョートル・クロポトキンについて]
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Errico_Malatesta.html エッリコ・マラテスタについて]
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Nestor_Makhno.html ネストル・マフノについて]
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Johann_Most.html ヨハン・モストについて]
*[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/authors/Wayne_Price.html ウェイン・プライスについて]

==脚注==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{政治思想}}

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[[Category:政治思想]]
[[Category:無政府主義]]
[[Category:共産主義]]
[[Category:国家論]]
[[Category:政治学]]
[[Category:反ファシズム]]