コロンビア川のソースを表示

[[画像:Columbia River Revelstoke.jpg|thumb|250px|コロンビア川]]
'''コロンビア川'''（'''''Columbia River'''''）は、[[カナダ]]の[[ブリティッシュコロンビア州]]および[[アメリカ合衆国]][[太平洋岸北西部]]を流れる[[川]]である。

ブリティッシュコロンビア州の[[カナディアンロッキー]]に源を発する。そこから[[アメリカ合衆国|アメリカ]]、[[ワシントン州]]を流れ、[[ポートランド (オレゴン州)|ポートランド]]にて支流の[[ウィラメット川]]を合わせ、オレゴン州の[[アストリア (オレゴン州)|アストリア]]にて[[太平洋]]に注ぐ。最後の480kmはワシントン州と[[オレゴン州]]の境界となっている。

コロンビア川には、[[ボンネビル・ダム]]、[[グランドクーリーダム]]などの[[水力発電]]用の[[ダム]]がある。

[[マンハッタン計画]]以来半世紀間操業した[[ハンフォード・サイト]]のプルトニウム生産炉による放射能汚染が深刻な問題となっている。

== 支流 ==
[[Image:Deschutes River.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A relatively small river winds through a series of sparsely vegetated brown hills under a nearly cloudless blue sky. The river and the low hills are in shade, while the hilltops and a large hillside in the foreground are sunlit.|デシューツ川とコロンビア川の合流点の風景]]
コロンビア川には主要なものだけでも60以上の支流が存在し、直接コロンビア川に繋がる支流の中でも特に大きな4つの川 (水量または流域面積で測定)は、[[スネーク川]] ([[アイダホ州]])、[[ウィラメット川]] ([[オレゴン州]]北西部)、[[クートネー川]] ([[ブリティッシュ・コロンビア州]])、[[ペンド・オレイル川]] ([[ワシントン州]]北部およびアイダホ州、ただし{{仮リンク|クラーク・フォーク川|en|Clark Fork (river)}}の下流部分も含む)である。これらの4つの川はいずれも平均水量が570 m<sup>3</sup>/s以上、排水地域の面積が52,000 km<sup>2</sup>以上となっている。

スネーク川はその中でも最大の支流である。流域面積の280,000 km<sup>2</sup>は、アイダホ州の面積をも上回る。この川とコロンビア川が合流する地点においては両者の水量はほぼ同等 (約46.5%)となっており、合流地点より上流の部分についてだけを見てみれば長さ (約113%)、流域面積 (約104%)ともにスネーク川がコロンビア川を上回っている。

ペンド・オレイル水系 (主要な支流、クラーク・フォーク川、{{仮リンク|フラットヘッド川|en|Flathead River}}を含む)はコロンビア川との合流地点においては、両者は同等の大きさとなっている。合流地点より上流部分について比較してみると、長さは同程度 (約86%)、流域面積は4分の3 (約76%)、水量については3分の1強 (約37%)である。
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=== 主な支流一覧 ===

''下流より記載''
* [[カウリッツ川]]
* {{仮リンク|ルイス川|en|Lewis River (Washington)}}
* [[ウィラメット川]]
** [[マッケンジー川 (オレゴン州)|マッケンジー川]]
*** [[モホーク川 (オレゴン州)|モホーク川]]
** {{仮リンク|コーストフォークウィラメット川|en|Coast Fork Willamette River}}
*** [[ビッグ川 (オレゴン州)|ビッグ川]]
* {{仮リンク|サンディ川|en|Sandy River (Oregon)}}
* [[フッド川]]
* {{仮リンク|デシューツ川|en|Deschutes River (Oregon)}}
* {{仮リンク|ジョン・デイ川|en|John Day River}}
* [[スネーク川]]
* {{仮リンク|ヤキマ川|en|Yakima River}}
* {{仮リンク|ワナッチー川|en|Wenatchee River}}
* {{仮リンク|オカノガン川|en|Okanogan River}}
* {{仮リンク|スポケーン川|en|Spokane River}}
* {{仮リンク|ケトル川|en|Kettle River (Columbia River)}}
* {{仮リンク|ペンド・オレイル川|en|Pend Oreille River}}
** {{仮リンク|クラーク・フォーク川|en|Clark Fork (river)}}
*** {{仮リンク|フラットヘッド川|en|Flathead River}}
* [[クートネー川]]
* {{仮リンク|キッキング・ホース川|en|Kicking Horse River}}
** [[ヨーホー川]]
*** [[リトルヨーホー川]]

=== 主な支流のデータ ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; margin-top:0px; margin-right:0px;"
|-
!主な[[支流]]
! style="border-right-style:none" | !! class="unsortable" style="white-space:nowrap; padding-left:0px; border-left-style:none;" |平均水量
! style="border-right-style:none" | !! class="unsortable" style="white-space:nowrap; padding-left:0px; border-left-style:none;" |流域面積
!長さ
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[カウリッツ川]]
| style="border-right-style:none;" |259|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web|title = Water-data report 2007: USGS 14243000 Cowlitz River at Castle Rock, WA | url = http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14243000.2007.pdf | format = PDF | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 2007 |accessdate = 2008-10-24}} Discharge data taken from gauge 14243000 at [[Castle Rock, Washington|Castle Rock]], {{convert|17.3|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring the flow from about {{convert|2238|sqmi|km2}} or 85&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |6,700|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref>Calculated by summing subbasin sizes listed in [http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/Vol%20II%20H--L%20Columbia%20Tribs.pdf Lower Columbia Tributaries], Northwest Power and Conservation Council; and [http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/2004_05/ManagementPlan/VolumeII/MP%20Vol%20II%20Ch%2008%20Toutle2.pdf Toutle Management Plan], Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}169&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|ルイス川|en|Lewis River (Washington)}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |173|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref name="subbasin plan">{{cite web | last = Lower Columbia Fish Recovery Board | title = Volume II – Subbasin Plan Chapter G – NF and EF Lewis | work = Lower Columbia Salmon Recovery and Fish & Wildlife Subbasin Plan | publisher = Northwest Power and Conservation Council | month = December | year = 2004 | url = http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/lowerColumbia/plan/Vol%20II%20G--Lewis.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-14}}</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |2,710|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="vulcan">{{cite web | title = Description: Lewis River Drainage, Mount St. Helens, Washington | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 1999 | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Hydrology/Drainages/Lewis/description_lewis.html| accessdate = 2008-10-14}}</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}153&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[ウィラメット川]] 
| style="border-right-style:none;" |1,060|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref name="USGSrivers">{{cite web | last = Kammerer, J.C. | title = Largest Rivers in the United States | url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/ | date = May 1990 | publisher = United States Geological Survey | accessdate = 2008-04-01}}</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |29,680|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref>[http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=32749 Willamette River Basin], Portland Bureau of Environmental Services (2008). Retrieved on 2008-09-16.</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}301&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|サンディ川|en|Sandy River (Oregon)}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |64|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref name="usgs">{{cite web| title=Water-Data Report 2007: 14142500 Sandy River Below Bull Run River, near Bull Run, OR| publisher = United States Geological Survey |year = 2008 | url = http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14142500.2007.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate= 2008-10-19 }} Discharge data from a gauge near Bull Run, {{convert|18.4|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring the flow from about {{convert|436|mi2|km2}}, about 86&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |1,316|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="Taylor">{{cite web |last = Taylor | first = Barbara | title = Salmon and Steelhead Runs and Related Events of the Sandy River Basin - A Historical Perspective | publisher = Portland General Electric | month = December | year = 1998 | url = http://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_and_env/hydropower_and_fish/sandy/history/sandy_river_history_full.pdf |format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-12}}</ref>
|{{Display none|00}}90&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[フッド川]]
| style="border-right-style:none;" |28|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s
| style="border-right-style:none;" |723|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;
|{{Display none|00}}40&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|デシューツ川|en|Deschutes River (Oregon)}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |166|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite book | last = Loy | first = William G. | coauthors = Allan, Stuart; Buckley, Aileen R, and Meacham, James E. | title = Atlas of Oregon | publisher = University of Oregon Press | year = 2001 | location = Eugene, Ore. | pages = 164–65 | isbn = 0-87114-101-9}}</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |27,700|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="USGS-rivers"/>
|{{Display none|0}}406&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|ジョン・デイ川|en|John Day River}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |58|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web | title = Water-Data Report 2007: 14048000 John Day River at McDonald Ferry, OR | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 2007
| url = http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14048000.2007.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-19}} Discharge data from a gauge at McDonald Ferry, {{convert|20.9|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring the flow from about {{convert|7580|mi2|km2}}, about 95&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |20,750|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web | last = Powell | first = Russ | coauthors = Delano, Kenneth | title = John Day River Subbasin Fish Habitat Enhancement Project | publisher = Bonneville Power Administration | year = 2004 | url = http://pisces.bpa.gov/release/documents/documentviewer.aspx?pub=H00005632-3.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-18}}</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}452&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[スネーク川]]
| style="border-right-style:none;" |1,610|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref name="USGSrivers"/>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |278,400|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web
 | title = USGS Water Resources of the United States: Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 2007 | url = http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html | accessdate = 2008-09-16}}'' Sum of Subregion 1704, Upper Snake, Subregion 1705, Middle Snake, and Subregion 1706, Lower Snake.</ref>
| style="white-space:nowrap;" |1,674&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|ヤキマ川|en|Yakima River}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |100|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web| publisher = United States Geological Survey | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure60.pdf | format = PDF | title = Yakima River and Esquatzel Coulee Basins and the Columbia River from Richland to Kennewick, Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005 |accessdate = 2008-10-16}} Discharge data from gauge 12510500 at Kiona, {{convert|29.9|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring the flow from about 91&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |15,900|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/yakima/plan/1_Overview.pdf | format = PDF | title = Yakima Subbasin Plan Overview | publisher = Northwest Power and Conservation Council | accessdate = 2008-09-16}}</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}344&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|ワナッチー川|en|Wenatchee River}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |87|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web| publisher = United States Geological Survey | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-WA-02-1/data/12459000.2002.sw.pdf | format = PDF | title = Wenatchee River Basin: 12459000 Wenatchee River at Peshastin, WA |accessdate = 2008-10-16}}. Discharge data from gauge 12459000 at Peshastin, {{convert|21.5|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring the flow from about {{convert|1000|mi2|km2}} or 77&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |3,500|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="USGS-rivers">{{cite web|url=http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html|title=Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions|publisher= United States Geological Survey|accessdate=2008-09-10}}</ref>
|{{Display none|00}}85&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|オカノガン川|en|Okanogan River}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |86|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>[http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/ Water Data Report WA-05-1], chapter [http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure52.pdf Okanagan River Basin]. Retrieved on 2007-04-20. Discharge data taken at [[Malott, Washington]], {{convert|17|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring the flow from about {{convert|8080|sqmi|km2}}, about 97&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |21,600|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="NRCan-rivers">{{cite web|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html|title=Rivers|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|accessdate=2008-09-10}}</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}185&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|スポケーン川|en|Spokane River}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |224|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite book |last= Benke |first= Arthur C. |coauthors= Cushing, Colbert E. |title= Rivers of North America |year= 2005 |publisher= Academic Press |isbn= 9780120882533 |page= 650 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=-bLMR552QBMC| accessdate=2008-10-16}}</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |17,300|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="USGS-rivers"/>
|{{Display none|0}}179&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|ケトル川|en|Kettle River (Columbia River)}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |83|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web | title = Water-Data Report 2007: 12404500 Kettle River near Laurier, WA | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 2007 | url = http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/12404500.2007.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-18 }} Discharge data from a gauge near Laurier, {{convert|29.71|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring the flow from about {{convert|3800|mi2|km2}}, about 90&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |10,880|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="upper columbia">[http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/admin/level2/intermtn/plan/29_uprcol_overview.pdf Upper Columbia Subbasin Overview], Section 29, p. 8; Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}282&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" |{{仮リンク|ペンド・オレイル川|en|Pend Oreille River}}
| style="border-right-style:none;" |748|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web | title = Pend Oreille, Kettle, and Colville River Basins, and the Columbia River from the International Boundary to the confluence with the Spokane River | publisher = United States Geological Survey | year = 2005 | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/ Water Data Report WA-05-1 | format = PDF
 | accessdate = 2008-10-19}} Discharge data taken from a gauge at the U.S.–Canada border, {{convert|16.1|mi|km}} from the mouth, measuring data from about {{convert|25200|mi2|km2}}, about 98&nbsp;percent of the total watershed.</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |66,800|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref name="bchydro">{{cite web|url =http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/PubDocs/bcdocs/409063/Seven_Mile_project.pdf | title = Seven Mile Project Water use Plan| publisher = BC Hydro | date = 2006-12-08|format = PDF|accessdate = 2009-09-03}}</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}209&nbsp;km
|-style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[クートネー川]]
| style="border-right-style:none;" |868|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |m<sup>3</sup>/s&nbsp;<ref name="nwcouncil">[http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/kootenai/plan/Assessment_01IntroOverview.pdf Subbasin Overview], [http://www.nwcouncil.org/fw/subbasinplanning/kootenai/plan/ Kootenai Subbasin Plan], Northwest Power and Conservation Council</ref>
| style="border-right-style:none;" |50,300|| style="text-align:left; border-left-style:none;" |km<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;<ref>[http://virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Hydro/en/stories/rivers.php The Rivers], Balance of Power: Hydroelectric Development in Southeastern British Columbia; Touchstones Nelson: Museum of Art and History. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.</ref>
|{{Display none|0}}780&nbsp;km
|}
</div>{{-}}

== 出典・脚注 ==
{{Commons|Category:Columbia River}}
{{Reflist}}

{{ワシントン州}}
{{オレゴン州}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:ころんひあかわ}}
[[Category:コロンビア川水系|*]]
[[Category:北アメリカの河川]]
[[Category:ワシントン州の河川]]
[[Category:オレゴン州の河川]]
[[Category:ブリティッシュコロンビア州の河川]]
[[Category:北アメリカの複数の国を流れる河川]]
{{CND-stub}}
{{us-stub}}
{{river-stub}}

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